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Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP; previously known as idiopathic haemorrhagic diathesis and commonly known as bleeding calf syndrome) is a novel haemorrhagic disease syndrome of young calves which has emerged in a number of European countries during recent years. Data were retrospectively collected during June to September 2010 for 56 case calves diagnosed with clinical BNP between 17 March and 7 June of the same year. These were compared with 58 control calves randomly recruited from herds with no history of BNP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that increased odds of a calf being a BNP case were associated with its dam having received PregSure BVD® (Pfizer Animal Health) vaccination prior to the birth of the calf (odds ratio (OR) 40.78, p < 0.001) and its herd of origin being located in Scotland (OR 9.71, p = 0.006). Decreased odds of a calf being a BNP case were associated with the calf having been kept outside (OR 0.11, p = 0.006) and the greater the length of time that the cattle herd had been established on the farm (OR 0.97, p = 0.011). There was also some evidence that contact between the herd and sheep on the same farm was associated with increased odds of a calf being a BNP case (OR 14.34, p = 0.005).